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People are accustomed to ask for an answer when they face things which are unknown before. In this high developed culture, when people want to know these unknown things, they are used to follow the rational consideration, use the deductive and inductive ways to discover the answer. For instance, William is the standard of this kind people. The process of seeking the murderer, the process of searching the formula, the process of looking for the answer, all of them can be considered as the process of finding the origin and the truth. These processes are in the novel The Name of the Rose and Labyrinths: Selected Stories & Other Writings. Following will discuss the difficulty of trying to find the origin and the truth.

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The signals in the writing and speaking system have the limit, but they can be constituted through different ways to become different sentences or compose different compositions.  Although the result of different constitutions seems illimitable, it still has the limitation.  Since a result of constitution may just has one small difference with another constitution, but all theses similar texts have the same content that they want to express.  In other words, their format and style are different, but their meaning is the same.  Hence people cannot claim his writing or speech is original, we cannot assure whether the meaning in these lines has existed or not.

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影片開頭的逃跑場景,很容易讓我們認為:喬治跟藍尼兩人若不是相當要好的朋友,就是有其血緣上的關係。這兩個人,貫穿了整齣戲劇。我們在戲裡頭看到的是,喬治是一個精明幹練的人,而藍尼則有一身的力量。這兩個人身上的特質,若能夠合而為一,或許可以說是一種「完人」的境界吧?其實這世界上的每一個人,不就是在尋求這樣的自己嗎?讓自己的身心都可以臻至成熟,有肉體可以抵禦外侮,有智慧可以規劃人生。

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The main idea in this critical essay is the development of the manners in early modern Europe.  David Graeber first uses the two different types of the relationship in the non-Western societies: joking and avoidance being the foundation of the essay.  In the essay, David Graeber is not only points out these two different relationships between the people, but mentions other systems affect people's manners and their relationships.  For instance, the gift giving and the exchange with each other in the tribe, or the education and English Calvinists' effects make lots influences in the societies.

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The Remains of the Day could be regarded as a novel describes Stevens's changes in his journey and his life. Like us, habits are not easy to change, thus Stevens's changes not happened immediately, but step by step in a slow way, especially he is so stubborn. This novel is combined from Steven's journey in the present and his memory in the past. As a result, most changes we can discover from the novel are in his present journey, especially after the day four when he meets with Miss Kenton. The most significant change in this novel is his attitude. It can be divided into two aspects, one is his attitude about his career, and the other one is the attitude about his real emotion.

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    A Doxa is a popular opinion (Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes 71).  There is a Doxa, which reflects the main trend of thought in every society, every culture, and every generation.  It also exists in the art, literature, or music.  Because the Doxa is an abstract noun, always, we are used to give the Doxa a name.  For example, democratic society, Greek culture, Realism in art, and hip-hop music are the main trend in different periods.  When they are in fashion, most people will follow this popular trend.  However, at the same time, other trends or thoughts will be ignored or even suppressed.  Since they are the most popular one in the society, other thoughts cannot have the right to stand on the stage, people will regard those main streams of thoughts as truths assuredly.  However, when the Doxa is in fashion and enforces other opinions out of fashion, there is the “violence.”  Roland Barthes considers that Doxa is the abandonment of origins, because he writes: “[f]or Origin is a pernicious figure of Nature (of Physis): by an abusive interest, the Doxa “crushes” Origin and Truth together…” (139). Without any doubt, there would be a oppositional power, which prepares to defeat the Doxa, it has a name called “paradox (a)”.  Then, if the paradox defeats the Doxa successfully, the opinion we called the paradox will turn into a new popular opinion, a new Doxa.  As a result, the content of the Doxa is always changing; there is no one Doxa can be popular always.  Writers usually have the consideration about the society in their works.  Thus, the Doxa also can be discovered in fictions, there are two issues that are obvious not only in the fiction, but also in the world.  First, the issue of the colonialism and the anti-colonialism will be discussed in André Gide’s fiction: The Immoralist.  And then, the second one is the homosexual and heterosexual love, which will be founded on the Yves Navarre’s novel: A Cat’s Life.

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